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Title: 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Description: 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Voice communication was the major factor for second-generation mobile and it was considerably successfully with the standard Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) using TDM/FDM technology with 200 kHz frequency band. The 2G technology was designed only for the voice communication and internet service for transferring user data were not available. Since both voice and data communications services including Internet service were needed and the research on 3G systems were on the way. The protocols and standards were developed to allow data transmission over the existing 2G infrastructure. The first is 2.5G (GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA Phase 1) technology that allows data transfer at a better rate than 2G (GSM). Today, data transfer applications like video conferencing, music or video downloads, video, and TV services at high data rate are more in demand that force us to third generation (3G) deployment which includes standard UMTS and CDMA 2000.
To increase the speed various new technologies have come into picture. And in the future, lower cost, higher speed data than 3G technology will be important factor to enter forward the fourth generation (4G). Anytime and anywhere service and accessing of application, with a high degree of customization and personalization of user application and users can interact with the other protocol based user devices, will be another factor. The current 3G system works on IP5.0 and 4G systems will work on IP6.0 and the user will be able to receive voice, data and smooth streaming of video transmission at anytime and anywhere at much higher data rates than 3G technologies. The data rate range for 4G will be between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds for both stationary and moving devices with best quality and high level of security.
Broadband applications may be like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) demands high data rate and the quality of service(QoS) but this type of data rate and QoS are not available in 3G technology. 4G wireless technology will be able to provide the seamless services as per the requirements which are set by these applications.
The objectives of the 4G wireless communication is defined by the 4G working group which includes standard a spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site), High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell, Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks, Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, Interoperability with existing wireless standards, an all IP, packet switched network.
Still 4G is not clearly defined or documented anywhere what are the basic requirements to build 4G wireless technology, like 3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000). IMT-Advanced is the closest where some of the 4G requirements can be found. For supporting high data rate and high mobility in fast moving car (60kilometers/hours) or fast moving trains (250 km/hr) and it is predicted that the new potential wireless system will support 100 Mbps on mobility and 1 Gbps approximately on without mobility at lower cost. This potential new wireless system could be developed by 2010. Its characteristics should be like high degree of commonality of design worldwide to provide backward compatibility, compatibility of services within IMT-Advanced and with the fixed networks, high quality, and small terminal suitable for worldwide use, worldwide roaming capability, capability to run high data rate multimedia applications within a wide range of services and terminals.
The parameter outlined by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) which required in order to meet the targeted data rate and QoS (Quality of service) as already discussed above in the main objective of 4G wireless technology are going to be based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation with MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs) and other smart antenna enhancements. 4G is also called network of networks like low network latency, integration of mobile broadband heterogeneous network, smooth sharing of networks, seamless connection during handoff from one cell to another cell, providing mobile subscriber with always-best-connected, and high QoS broadband experience.
ADVANCED ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS CYBORGS People usually agree that we are living through a technological revolution, and at the same time they seem confused about what it means. A revolution may be defined as a leap between two quasi-stationary states, so if we want to understand the meaning of it, we should identify the current and next stages, as well as the nature and purpose of the transition. Cybernetic tehnologies stands as a best example for this. cyborgs are more frequently people who use cybernetic technology to repair or overcome the physical and mental constraints of their bodies a person becomes capable of much more than they were before. ADVANCED SECURITY MEASURES IN A WIRELESS LAN People usually agree that we are living through a technological revolution, and at the same time they seem confused about what it means. A revolution may be defined as a leap between two quasi-stationary states, so if we want to understand the meaning of it, we should identify the current and next stages, as well as the nature and purpose of the transition. BIOMETRICS Finger Print Authentication Network security is a complicated subject, historically only tackled by well-trained and experienced experts. However, as more and more people become wired, an increasing number of people need to understand the basics of security in a networked world.Cryonics ON WAY TO RAISING THE DEAD NANO TECHNOLOGY A conditional access (CA) system comprises a combination of scrambling and encryption to prevent unauthorized reception. Scrambling is the process of rendering the sound, pictures and data unintelligible.Cryptography & Steganography with Watermarking Everyone has secrets; some have more than others. When it becomes necessary to transmit those secrets from one point to another, it's important to protect the information while its in transit. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords.DATA SECURITY Securing Data Transmission Over Networks Organisations are today suffering from a malaise of data overflow. The developments in the transaction processing technology has given rise to a situation where the amount and rate of data capture is very highDistributed Systems Architecture and Implementation A Few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical Devices. These optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are Inherently parallel, however due to the significant increase in computer speed, these techniques are Increasingly being replaced by digital image processing methods.DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS FLYING WITHOUT WINGS A Few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical Devices. These optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are Inherently parallel, however due to the significant increase in computer speed, these techniques are Increasingly being replaced by digital image processing methods. EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF DATA WAREHOUSE PROJECT A Few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical Devices. These optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are Inherently parallel, however due to the significant increase in computer speed,ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY IN WAP VIA THE WTLS PROTOCOL NEURAL networks are computational models of the brain. These networks are good at solving problems for which a solutions seems easy to obtain for the brain, but requires a lot of efforts using standard algorithmic techniques. Examples of such problems are pattern recognition, perception, generalization and non-linear control. In the brain,Eye Movement-Based HumanComputer Interaction Techniques Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens,in print ,or perhaps how they are pronounced.By attaching style sheet to the structured documents on the Web authors and readers can influence the presentation on documents without sacrificing device-independence or adding new HTML tagsFINGER TRACKING IN REAL Time HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens,in print ,or perhaps how they are pronounced.By attaching style sheet to the structured documents on the Web authors and readers can influence the presentation on documents without sacrificing device-independence or adding new HTML tags.INNOVATIVE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT USING J2EE The growth of the Electronic Media, Process Automation and especially the outstanding growth of attention to national and personal security in the past few years have all contributed to the growing need of being able to automatically detect features and occurrences in pictures and video streams on a massive scaleINTERNET SECURITY AGAINST HACKING SYSTEMS The internet has been a wide usage in all the fields in the present competitive world. It is being used in the education, research, business and what not, in everything. But providing security for the users information or transactions or any other data in any of the field has become a paramount. This paper gives a vivid picture of E-commerce and the vulnerabilities they are facing in providing a secure system for the users. In other words, how the security attacks are made either by the hackers or the intruders, the ways how they attack and exploit to illegitimate means.IT IS THE TIME FOR WEB 3 BLACK EDITION FINAL_over The internet has been a wide usage in all the fields in the present competitive world. It is being used in the education, research, business and what not, in everything. But providing security for the users information or transactions or any other data in any of the field has become a paramount.NANO TECHNOLOGY BASICS TO LATEST ADVANCEMENTS Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology covering a broad range of topics. The main unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale smaller than one micrometre, as well as the fabrication of devices on this same length scale. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and supramolecular chemistry.Digital Jewellery MADE POSSIBLE USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS In this paper, the basics of capturing an image, image processing to modify and enhance the image are discussed. There are many applications for Image Processing like surveillance, navigation, and robotics. Robotics is a very interesting field and promises future development so it is chosen as an example to explain the various aspects involved in Image Processing.GENERIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Today the use of computers is extended to every field. Many sophisticated devices like touch screen, track ball, digitizers etc made interaction with computer ease from novice to professional. But physically disabled individuals are deterred from using computers due to their inability to control mouseIMAGE PROCESSING APPLIED TO TRAFFIC QUEUE DETECTION ALGORITHM The main of this paper is to presents a novel algorithm using color contrast enhancement and lacuna texture synthesis is proposed for the virtual restoration of ancient Chinese paintingsIMAGE PROCESSING APPLIED TO TRAFFIC QUEUE DETECTION ALGORITHM1 THE uses of digital processing for image improvement recently has received considerable interest and has broad applications in medical imagery, remote sensing, digital multimedia, image transmission, and so on.Near Field Communication Bluetooth Bridge System for Mobile Commerce The advent of nanotechnology in cancer research couldn't have come at a more opportune time. To harness the potential of nanotechnology in cancer, NCI is seeking broad scientific input to provide direction to research and engineering applications. In doing so, NCI will develop a Cancer Nanotechnology PlanPaper on Red Tacton AN INNOVATIVE HUMAN AREA NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY The advent of nanotechnology in cancer research couldn't have come at a more opportune time. To harness the potential of nanotechnology in cancer, NCI is seeking broad scientific input to provide direction to research and engineering applications. In doing so, NCI will develop a Cancer Nanotechnology Plan.
