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Title: Cryptography_and_Network_Security
Description: Cryptography_and_Network_Security

Everyone has secrets; some have more than others. When it becomes necessary to transmit those secrets from one point to another, it's important to protect the information while its in transit. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. In the past, cryptography is heavily used for military applications to keep sensitive information secret from enemies. Cryptography presents various methods for taking legible, readable data, and transforming it into unreadable data for the purpose of secure transmission, and then using a key to transform it back into readable data when it reaches its destination. The most secure techniques use a mathematical algorithm and a variable value known as a key. Cryptography uses a single key to encrypt i.e. changing data so that it is unrecognizable and useless to an unauthorized person and decrypt a message i.e. changing it back to its original form.

There are several ways of classifying cryptographic algorithms Secret Key Cryptography, which uses a single key for both encryption and decryption. Public Key Cryptography, which uses one key for encryption and another for decryption. Hash Functions uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information. The goal of cryptography extends beyond merely making data unreadable; it also extends into user authentication, Privacy/confidentiality, Integrity, Non-repudiation.

Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security. Information security deals with several different trust aspects of information. Another common term is information assurance. Information security is not confined to computer systems, nor to information in an electronic or machine-readable form. It applies to all aspects of safeguarding or protecting information or data, in whatever form. Cryptography can also be defined as the science and art of manipulating massege to make them secure.In this the original message to be transformed is called the plaintext and resulting message after transformation is called the ciphertext.

Security is a complicated subject, which can be tackled by trained experts. As complexity increases, we need to understand the basics of security in a network world. We propose possibilities to develop adaptive steganographic techniques in general. Steganography refers to the practice of hiding secret message in communications over a public channel so that an eavesdropper cannot even tell that a secret message is being sent. The aim of this study was to investigate implement and evaluate a number of common methods of pixel-based Steganography. All the steganographic methods are based on the manipulation of LSB of pixel values or the rearrangement of colors to create LSB, which corresponds to the message being hidden. In addition to these, a technique called digital watermarking is discussed which provides a means to embed copyright and other information for identification and tracking.

Steganography is the art of passing information in a manner that the very existence of the message is unknown. Steganographys intent is to hide message, while cryptography scrambles a message so that it cannot be understood. The goal of Steganography is to hide message inside other harmless messages in a way that does not allow any enemy to even detect that there is a second secret message present. Steganographic messages are often first encrypted by some traditional means, and then a cover text is modified in some way to contain the encrypted message, resulting in Stegotext. Steganography includes a vast array of techniques for hiding messages in variety of media. Among these methods are invisible inks, microdots, digital signatures, and covert channels and spread spectrum communication. Steganography is being vastly used through the media of text, images, and audio.

In this the idea is that a codeword is embedded in the document by altering particular textual features .As infringes make identical copies of documents without paying royalties or revenues to the original author this method is used. Printable documents are marked with a unique codeword that is indiscernible to readers, but can be used to identify the intended recipient of a document just by examination of a recovered document. Three features are identified in this method as

Digital technology offers new ways to apply Steganography techniques, including the ability to hide information inside digital images. A digital image is an array of numbers that represent light intensities at various points. Combined, these light intensities or pixels form the images raster data. Images with 640 x 480 pixels and 256 colors can contain up to 300 kilobits of data. But it is more typical to see digital images in sizes of eight-bit or 24-bit files. This provides an excellent opportunity for hiding information, especially in image sizes of 24-bits. Each pixel on a computer monitor selects from three primary color variations: red, blue, and green. Each color is represented by a single storage byte. With 24-bit images, three bytes are allocated for each primary color (hence eight bits per byte multiplied by three bytes).

Represented in binary values, for instance, a white background is 11111111, 11111111, and 11111111. Pixel representation makes up a file's size. Thus a 24-bit image displayed in high resolution (1,024 x 768) has more than 2 million pixels, producing a file over 2MB in size. The larger the file, the greater opportunity there is to apply Steganography techniques. The downside to this of course is that large file sizes might induce unwanted suspicions. To deal with this, file compression is used. There are two kinds available today: Lossy and loss less. Both methods compress files to save storage space, but do so differently. This is important because certain compression applications can interfere with hidden messages. Lossy compression is the most efficient space saver, but does not retain the original images exactness. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is an example of such compression. A loss less approach, in contrast, retains the integrity of the original image. Images saved as GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) or BMP (bitmap file) apply loss less compression.

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