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Title: FINGERPRINT_BIOMETRICS
Description: FINGERPRINT_BIOMETRICS

Over the last few years a new area of engineering science has been established whose products are likely to create a large market in the near future. It has been called ''biometrics". The pioneers of this new domain intend to construct devices which would allow identification of a person on the basis of his/her ''biological'' characteristics: voice, dynamics of movements, features of face and other parts of the body, retina or iris pattern. However, the greatest hope seems to be lying in the possibility of the fingertip structure recognition (this structure is reflected in the fingerprint pattern). It is well known that the finger ridge pattern is different for each individual and that it does not change over the life time. Touching of a sensor surface is a simple act. Many inventors of biometric devices hope to develop a button which would ''know'' by whom it has been pressed and which finger has been used. A button used for the door unlocking would of course let in only authorized people and this is what the whole new area wants to live of.

Biometrics:

Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics. This method of identification is preferred over current methods involving passwords and PIN numbers for various reasons: the person to be identified is required to be physically present at the point-of-identification; identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to remember a password or carry a token. With the increased use of computers as vehicles of information technology, it is necessary to restrict access to sensitive/personal data. By replacing PINs, biometric techniques can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks. PINs and passwords may be forgotten, and token based methods of identification like passports and driver's licenses may be forged, stolen, or lost. Thus biometric systems of identification are enjoying a renewed interest.

There are two different ways to resolve a person's identity: verification and identification. Verification (Am I whom I claim I am?) involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity. In identification, one has to establish a person's identity (Who am I?). Each one of these approaches has it's own complexities and could probably be solved best by a certain biometric system.

History of Fingerprint Identification:

In 1864, English plant morphologist, Nehemiah Grew, published the first scientific paper reporting his systematic study on the ridge, furrow, and pore structure in fingerprints. Since then, a large number of researchers have invested huge amount of effort on fingerprint studies. Recently, due to the raising demand in our increasing electronically inter-connected society for automatic personal identification and the success of various AFIS installations in forensics, automatic fingerprint identification technology has rapidly grown beyond forensic applications into civilian applications. In fact, fingerprint based biometric systems are so popular that they have almost become the synonym of biometric systems.

Fingerprint Classifications:

Fingerprint Scanning: Fingerprint scanning is the acquisition and recognition of a persons fingerprint characteristics for identification purposes. This allows the recognition of a person through quantifiable physiological characteristics that verify the identity of an individual. There are basically two different types of finger-scanning technology that make this possible. One is an optical method, which starts with a visual image of a finger. The other uses a semiconductor-generated electric field to image a finger.

Practical Applications for Fingerprint Scanning: Fingerprint scanning has a high accuracy rate when users are sufficiently educated. Fingerprint authentication is a good choice for in-house systems where enough training can be provided to users and where the device is operated in a controlled environment. The small size of the fingerprint scanner, ease of integration - can be easily adapted to keyboards, and most significantly the relatively low costs make it an affordable, simple choice for workplace access security.

Fingerprint Identification: Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending.

Fingerprint Matching: Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories: minutiae-based and correlation based. Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then map their relative placement on the finger. However, there are some difficulties when using this approach. It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality. Also this method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and furrows. However, it has some of its own shortcomings. Correlation-based techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation.

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